PHG · REV 2026.10 For laboratory research use only. Not medical or dosing guidance.
Peptide Handling Guide Storage, handling and documentation for research peptides

References

Every source cited on Peptide Handling Guide: peer-reviewed literature, pharmacopeial chapters, ICH guidelines and US regulations.

All sources cited across the guides and compound sheets, combined in one list. Where we could not confirm a stable record link for an article, the entry links to a PubMed search for it instead of a guessed identifier. Pharmacopeial chapters (USP) are subscription documents and are cited without links.

68 sources cited across the site.

  1. Aebersold R, Mann M. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature. 2003;422(6928):198–207. DOICited in: Analytical Testing Overview: Which Test Answers Which Question, Mass Spectrometry Explained: Confirming Peptide Identity
  2. Bhatnagar BS, Bogner RH, Pikal MJ. Protein stability during freezing: separation of stresses and mechanisms of protein stabilization. Pharm Dev Technol. 2007;12(5):505–523. DOICited in: Temperature Considerations: Choosing the Right Band, Freeze/Thaw Cycles: Why Every Thaw Counts, Aliquoting: Split Once, Thaw Once, Storage Equipment and Temperature Monitoring
  3. Breen ED, Curley JG, Overcashier DE, Hsu CC, Shire SJ. Effect of moisture on the stability of a lyophilized humanized monoclonal antibody formulation. Pharm Res. 2001;18(9):1345–1353. PubMedCited in: Lyophilized Peptides: What the Powder Is and Why It Lasts, Moisture and Humidity: Keeping Dry Material Dry
  4. Cao E, Chen Y, Cui Z, Foster PR. Effect of freezing and thawing rates on denaturation of proteins in aqueous solutions. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003;82(6):684–690. DOICited in: Freeze/Thaw Cycles: Why Every Thaw Counts, Aliquoting: Split Once, Thaw Once
  5. Carpenter JF, Pikal MJ, Chang BS, Randolph TW. Rational design of stable lyophilized protein formulations: some practical advice. Pharm Res. 1997;14(8):969–975. DOICited in: Lyophilized Peptides: What the Powder Is and Why It Lasts, Moisture and Humidity: Keeping Dry Material Dry
  6. CDC and NIH. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), 6th edition; 2020. CDCCited in: Sample Contamination: Microbial, Chemical and Cross-Contamination
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine Storage and Handling Toolkit (temperature monitoring with digital data loggers).Cited in: Cold Chain Considerations: Shipping and Transfer, Storage Equipment and Temperature Monitoring
  8. Cornish J, Callon KE, Lin CQ, et al. Trifluoroacetate, a contaminant in purified proteins, inhibits proliferation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(5):E779–E783. DOICited in: Purity Terminology: Purity, Content, Counterions and Impurities
  9. D'Hondt M, Bracke N, Taevernier L, Gevaert B, Verbeke F, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B. Related impurities in peptide medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2014;101:2–30. DOICited in: Certificates of Analysis: What a COA Is and Is Not, Interpreting a COA: Reading the Numbers Line by Line, HPLC Explained: How Peptide Purity Is Measured, Purity Terminology: Purity, Content, Counterions and Impurities
  10. Fenn JB, Mann M, Meng CK, Wong SF, Whitehouse CM. Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science. 1989;246(4926):64–71. DOICited in: Interpreting a COA: Reading the Numbers Line by Line, Mass Spectrometry Explained: Confirming Peptide Identity
  11. Frokjaer S, Otzen DE. Protein drug stability: a formulation challenge. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4(4):298–306. DOICited in: Short-Term Storage: Days to Weeks, Solvent Selection: Matching the Solvent to the Sequence
  12. Geiger T, Clarke S. Deamidation, isomerization, and racemization at asparaginyl and aspartyl residues in peptides: succinimide-linked reactions that contribute to protein degradation. J Biol Chem. 1987;262(2):785–794. PubMedCited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, BPC-157 Handling Sheet, Epitalon Handling Sheet
  13. Goebel-Stengel M, Stengel A, Taché Y, Reeve JR Jr. The importance of using the optimal plasticware and glassware in studies involving peptides. Anal Biochem. 2011;414(1):38–46. DOICited in: Container Selection: Glass, Plastic and Peptide Adsorption
  14. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(9):421–429. DOICited in: TB-500 / Thymosin β4 Handling Sheet
  15. He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. PubMedCited in: BPC-157 Handling Sheet
  16. ICH Q1A(R2). Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products. International Council for Harmonisation, 2003. ICHCited in: Temperature Considerations: Choosing the Right Band, Long-Term Storage: Months to Years, Storage Equipment and Temperature Monitoring, Solution Stability: How Long a Prepared Peptide Lasts
  17. ICH Q1B. Stability Testing: Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products. International Council for Harmonisation, 1996. ICHCited in: Light Exposure: Which Peptides Need Protecting and How
  18. ICH Q2(R2). Validation of Analytical Procedures. International Council for Harmonisation, 2023. ICHCited in: Analytical Testing Overview: Which Test Answers Which Question, HPLC Explained: How Peptide Purity Is Measured
  19. ICH Q3A(R2). Impurities in New Drug Substances. International Council for Harmonisation, 2006. (Scope excludes peptides; cited for terminology.) ICHCited in: Purity Terminology: Purity, Content, Counterions and Impurities
  20. ICH Q5C. Quality of Biotechnological Products: Stability Testing of Biotechnological/Biological Products. International Council for Harmonisation, 1995. ICHCited in: Temperature Considerations: Choosing the Right Band, Short-Term Storage: Days to Weeks, Long-Term Storage: Months to Years
  21. ICH Q7. Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (including section 11.4, Certificates of Analysis). International Council for Harmonisation, 2000. ICHCited in: Certificates of Analysis: What a COA Is and Is Not, Interpreting a COA: Reading the Numbers Line by Line, Lot Traceability: Connecting Results to Material
  22. ISO/IEC 17025:2017. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISOCited in: Receiving and Inspecting Peptide Shipments, Laboratory Documentation for Peptide Handling, Certificates of Analysis: What a COA Is and Is Not
  23. IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book"). goldbook.iupac.orgCited in: Mass Spectrometry Explained: Confirming Peptide Identity, Purity Terminology: Purity, Content, Counterions and Impurities
  24. Karas M, Hillenkamp F. Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons. Anal Chem. 1988;60(20):2299–2301. DOICited in: Mass Spectrometry Explained: Confirming Peptide Identity
  25. Kerwin BA, Remmele RL Jr. Protect from light: photodegradation and protein biologics. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96(6):1468–1479. DOICited in: Light Exposure: Which Peptides Need Protecting and How, Container Selection: Glass, Plastic and Peptide Adsorption, GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide) Handling Sheet, Semax Handling Sheet, MOTS-c Handling Sheet, Ipamorelin Handling Sheet
  26. Kristensen K, Henriksen JR, Andresen TL. Adsorption of cationic peptides to solid surfaces of glass and plastic. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0122419. DOICited in: Container Selection: Glass, Plastic and Peptide Adsorption, Aliquoting: Split Once, Thaw Once, Research Solution Preparation: Dissolving Peptides Accurately, BPC-157 Handling Sheet, Selank Handling Sheet, MOTS-c Handling Sheet
  27. Kuipers BJH, Gruppen H. Prediction of molar extinction coefficients of proteins and peptides using UV absorption of the constituent amino acids at 214 nm. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(14):5445–5451. PubMedCited in: HPLC Explained: How Peptide Purity Is Measured
  28. Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443–454. DOICited in: MOTS-c Handling Sheet
  29. Li S, Schöneich C, Borchardt RT. Chemical instability of protein pharmaceuticals: mechanisms of oxidation and strategies for stabilization. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1995;48(5):490–500. DOICited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, Light Exposure: Which Peptides Need Protecting and How, Long-Term Storage: Months to Years, TB-500 / Thymosin β4 Handling Sheet, Semax Handling Sheet, MOTS-c Handling Sheet, Ipamorelin Handling Sheet
  30. Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res. 2010;27(4):544–575. DOICited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, Lyophilized Peptides: What the Powder Is and Why It Lasts, Temperature Considerations: Choosing the Right Band, Freeze/Thaw Cycles: Why Every Thaw Counts, Short-Term Storage: Days to Weeks, Long-Term Storage: Months to Years, Research Solution Preparation: Dissolving Peptides Accurately, Solvent Selection: Matching the Solvent to the Sequence, Solution Stability: How Long a Prepared Peptide Lasts, BPC-157 Handling Sheet, TB-500 / Thymosin β4 Handling Sheet, Selank Handling Sheet, Ipamorelin Handling Sheet
  31. Manning MC, Patel K, Borchardt RT. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals. Pharm Res. 1989;6(11):903–918. DOICited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, Solution Stability: How Long a Prepared Peptide Lasts
  32. Mant CT, Chen Y, Yan Z, Popa TV, Kovacs JM, Mills JB, Tripet BP, Hodges RS. HPLC analysis and purification of peptides. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;386:3–55. DOICited in: Interpreting a COA: Reading the Numbers Line by Line, HPLC Explained: How Peptide Purity Is Measured
  33. Meija J, Coplen TB, Berglund M, et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem. 2016;88(3):265–291. DOICited in: Interpreting a COA: Reading the Numbers Line by Line, Mass Spectrometry Explained: Confirming Peptide Identity
  34. NIST. Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements. physics.nist.govCited in: Mass Spectrometry Explained: Confirming Peptide Identity
  35. OSHA. Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200. OSHACited in: Laboratory Labeling: What Every Peptide Container Should Say
  36. OSHA. Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, 29 CFR 1910.1450. eCFRCited in: Laboratory Labeling: What Every Peptide Container Should Say, Sample Contamination: Microbial, Chemical and Cross-Contamination, Laboratory Documentation for Peptide Handling
  37. Patel K, Borchardt RT. Chemical pathways of peptide degradation. II. Kinetics of deamidation of an asparaginyl residue in a model hexapeptide. Pharm Res. 1990;7(7):703–711. PubMedCited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, Solution Stability: How Long a Prepared Peptide Lasts, Epitalon Handling Sheet
  38. Pickart L, Freedman JH, Loker WJ, et al. Growth-modulating plasma tripeptide may function by facilitating copper uptake into cells. Nature. 1980;288(5792):715–717. DOICited in: GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide) Handling Sheet
  39. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. DOICited in: GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide) Handling Sheet
  40. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. DOICited in: GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide) Handling Sheet
  41. Pikal-Cleland KA, Rodríguez-Hornedo N, Amidon GL, Carpenter JF. Protein denaturation during freezing and thawing in phosphate buffer systems: monomeric and tetrameric β-galactosidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000;384(2):398–406. DOICited in: Freeze/Thaw Cycles: Why Every Thaw Counts
  42. PubMed literature on Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), a synthetic tetrapeptide. PubMedCited in: Epitalon Handling Sheet
  43. PubMed literature on Selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro), a tuftsin analogue. PubMedCited in: Selank Handling Sheet
  44. PubMed literature on Semax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro), an ACTH(4–7)-Pro-Gly-Pro analogue. PubMedCited in: Semax Handling Sheet
  45. Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552–561. DOICited in: Ipamorelin Handling Sheet
  46. Robinson NE, Robinson AB. Molecular clocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(3):944–949. DOICited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, Solution Stability: How Long a Prepared Peptide Lasts, Epitalon Handling Sheet
  47. Rutherfurd SM, Gilani GS. Amino acid analysis. Curr Protoc Protein Sci. 2009;Chapter 11:Unit 11.9. PubMedCited in: Research Solution Preparation: Dissolving Peptides Accurately, Analytical Testing Overview: Which Test Answers Which Question, Purity Terminology: Purity, Content, Counterions and Impurities
  48. Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(16):1612–1632. PubMedCited in: BPC-157 Handling Sheet
  49. Stadtman ER. Oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins by radiolysis and by metal-catalyzed reactions. Annu Rev Biochem. 1993;62:797–821. DOICited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, TB-500 / Thymosin β4 Handling Sheet, GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide) Handling Sheet, Semax Handling Sheet, MOTS-c Handling Sheet
  50. Tam JP, Wu CR, Liu W, Zhang JW. Disulfide bond formation in peptides by dimethyl sulfoxide: scope and applications. J Am Chem Soc. 1991;113(17):6657–6662. DOICited in: Solvent Selection: Matching the Solvent to the Sequence
  51. US DOT. Carbon dioxide, solid (dry ice), 49 CFR 173.217. eCFRCited in: Cold Chain Considerations: Shipping and Transfer
  52. US FDA. ANDAs for Certain Highly Purified Synthetic Peptide Drug Products That Refer to Listed Drugs of rDNA Origin. Guidance for Industry; 2021. FDACited in: Certificates of Analysis: What a COA Is and Is Not, Analytical Testing Overview: Which Test Answers Which Question
  53. US FDA. Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals, 21 CFR Part 211. eCFRCited in: Receiving and Inspecting Peptide Shipments, Certificates of Analysis: What a COA Is and Is Not, Lot Traceability: Connecting Results to Material
  54. US FDA. Data Integrity and Compliance With Drug CGMP: Questions and Answers. Guidance for Industry; 2018. FDACited in: Laboratory Labeling: What Every Peptide Container Should Say, Laboratory Documentation for Peptide Handling, Lot Traceability: Connecting Results to Material
  55. US FDA. Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures, 21 CFR Part 11. eCFRCited in: Laboratory Documentation for Peptide Handling
  56. US FDA. Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, 21 CFR Part 58. eCFRCited in: Laboratory Labeling: What Every Peptide Container Should Say, Receiving and Inspecting Peptide Shipments, Laboratory Documentation for Peptide Handling, Lot Traceability: Connecting Results to Material
  57. US FDA. Investigating Out-of-Specification (OOS) Test Results for Pharmaceutical Production. Guidance for Industry. FDACited in: Lot Traceability: Connecting Results to Material
  58. US FDA. Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice. Guidance for Industry; 2004. FDACited in: Aliquoting: Split Once, Thaw Once, Sample Contamination: Microbial, Chemical and Cross-Contamination
  59. USP General Chapter <621> Chromatography. United States Pharmacopeia.Cited in: Interpreting a COA: Reading the Numbers Line by Line, Analytical Testing Overview: Which Test Answers Which Question, HPLC Explained: How Peptide Purity Is Measured
  60. USP General Chapter <659> Packaging and Storage Requirements (definitions of controlled room temperature, refrigerator and freezer). United States Pharmacopeia.Cited in: Temperature Considerations: Choosing the Right Band, Short-Term Storage: Days to Weeks, Cold Chain Considerations: Shipping and Transfer, Storage Equipment and Temperature Monitoring
  61. USP General Chapter <921> Water Determination. United States Pharmacopeia.Cited in: Lyophilized Peptides: What the Powder Is and Why It Lasts, Moisture and Humidity: Keeping Dry Material Dry, Analytical Testing Overview: Which Test Answers Which Question, Purity Terminology: Purity, Content, Counterions and Impurities
  62. USP General Chapter <1079> Good Storage and Distribution Practices for Drug Products. United States Pharmacopeia.Cited in: Temperature Considerations: Choosing the Right Band, Long-Term Storage: Months to Years, Sample Contamination: Microbial, Chemical and Cross-Contamination, Cold Chain Considerations: Shipping and Transfer, Receiving and Inspecting Peptide Shipments, Storage Equipment and Temperature Monitoring
  63. USP General Chapter <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedures. United States Pharmacopeia.Cited in: Research Solution Preparation: Dissolving Peptides Accurately, Solution Stability: How Long a Prepared Peptide Lasts, Analytical Testing Overview: Which Test Answers Which Question
  64. USP General Chapters <660> Containers—Glass and <671> Containers—Performance Testing (including light transmission). United States Pharmacopeia.Cited in: Light Exposure: Which Peptides Need Protecting and How, Container Selection: Glass, Plastic and Peptide Adsorption
  65. Wang W. Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm. 2000;203(1–2):1–60. DOICited in: Lyophilized Peptides: What the Powder Is and Why It Lasts, Moisture and Humidity: Keeping Dry Material Dry, Long-Term Storage: Months to Years
  66. Wang W. Protein aggregation and its inhibition in biopharmaceutics. Int J Pharm. 2005;289(1–2):1–30. DOICited in: How Peptides Degrade: The Chemistry Behind Every Storage Rule, Freeze/Thaw Cycles: Why Every Thaw Counts, Research Solution Preparation: Dissolving Peptides Accurately, Solvent Selection: Matching the Solvent to the Sequence
  67. World Health Organization. Model guidance for the storage and transport of time- and temperature-sensitive pharmaceutical products. WHO Technical Report Series No. 961, Annex 9; 2011.Cited in: Cold Chain Considerations: Shipping and Transfer, Storage Equipment and Temperature Monitoring
  68. Young JD, Lawrence AJ, MacLean AG, et al. Thymosin β4 sulfoxide is an anti-inflammatory agent generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids. Nat Med. 1999;5(12):1424–1427. PubMedCited in: TB-500 / Thymosin β4 Handling Sheet